Leptospirosis

What is leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is caused by screw-shaped bacteria called leptospires. There are different types of leptospires that can cause different symptoms. The most common are Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira pomona and Leptospira australis.

The bacteria can be found anywhere, but they like it particularly warm and moist. This is why they are often found in bodies of water such as lakes, rivers or puddles, especially in summer and fall. The main source of infection is the urine of infected animals, especially rodents such as rats or mice. Leptospires can enter your dog's body via the mucous membranes or wounds, for example if he drinks or sniffs water that is contaminated with urine. Contact with other infected dogs or animals can also cause transmission.

How do you recognize leptospirosis?

The symptoms of leptospirosis can vary greatly depending on the type of bacteria and your dog's state of health. Some dogs show no signs of infection at all, others become seriously ill. The incubation period, i.e. the time between infection and the appearance of the first symptoms, can range from a few days to several weeks.

The most common symptoms are

• Fever
• loss of appetite
• fatigue
• vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Yellow mucous membranes (icterus)
• Bleeding (e.g. nosebleeds or bloody urine)
• Kidney problems (e.g. increased drinking and urination or kidney failure)
• Liver problems (e.g. increased liver values or liver inflammation)
• Nerve problems (e.g. cramps or paralysis)

Symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually and may worsen or improve. In severe cases, leptospirosis can lead to death.

How is leptospirosis treated?

If you suspect that your dog has leptospirosis, you should see a vet as soon as possible. The vet can make a diagnosis by examining a blood or urine sample from your dog. They can determine whether your dog has produced antibodies against the bacteria or whether it is excreting the bacteria itself.

Treatment usually consists of administering antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Your dog may also receive supportive therapy to alleviate the symptoms and protect the organs. This includes, for example, fluid infusions, painkillers or anti-inflammatories. Depending on the severity of the disease, your dog may be admitted to a veterinary hospital or treated at home.

How can leptospirosis be prevented?

The best way to prevent leptospirosis is to vaccinate your dog regularly. There are various vaccines that can protect against the most common types of leptospirosis. The vaccination should be boostered annually to ensure adequate protection. However, the vaccination cannot protect against all types of leptospira, so complete immunity is not guaranteed.

In addition to the vaccination, you can take other measures to reduce the risk of infection. These include:

• Avoiding your dog's contact with bodies of water that may be contaminated with urine, especially in warm and humid months.
• Avoid your dog's contact with wild animals or their droppings, especially rodents.
• Keep your dog away from other dogs that show symptoms of leptospirosis or are not vaccinated.
• Regularly clean and disinfect the objects and area your dog uses, especially if he urinates.
• Wash your hands thoroughly after touching your dog and wear gloves when cleaning up his urine or other bodily fluids.