Urolithiasis

What are the causes of urolithiasis in dogs?

The exact cause of urolithiasis in dogs is not always known, but there are some factors that may increase the risk. These include:

• Diet: some diets contain too much minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or oxalate, which can contribute to the formation of stones. Too high or too low a pH value of the urine can also promote stone formation.
• Genetics: Some dog breeds are more prone to certain types of stones than others. For example, Dalmatians are more prone to uric acid stones, while Yorkshire Terriers are more likely to develop calcium oxalate stones.
• Health: Some diseases, such as kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome or urinary tract infections, can disrupt the balance of minerals in the urine and promote stone formation.
• The environment: A lack of fresh water or a limited opportunity to urinate can increase the concentration of minerals in the urine and promote stone formation.

What are the symptoms of urolithiasis in dogs?

The symptoms of urolithiasis in dogs can vary depending on the size, number, location and type of stones. Some common signs include:

• Frequent or difficult urination
• Blood in the urine
• Pain when urinating or in the abdominal area
• Licking or biting in the genital area
• fever
• Loss of appetite
• lethargy
• vomiting

If a stone completely blocks the flow of urine, this is called a urinary obstruction. This is a medical emergency that can lead to death if left untreated. The symptoms of a urinary obstruction are

• Inability to urinate
• Bloated abdomen
• Severe pain
• Weakness
• Collapse

How is urolithiasis diagnosed in dogs?

To diagnose urolithiasis in dogs, the veterinarian will perform a physical examination and collect a urine sample. The urine sample will be examined for signs of blood, bacteria, crystals or stones. The pH and concentration of the urine will also be measured.

To determine the size, number, location and type of stones, the vet may also use imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasound. In some cases, a blood test may be required to check kidney function or rule out other diseases.

How is urolithiasis treated in dogs?

The treatment of urolithiasis in dogs depends on the size, number, location and type of stones. The possible options are:

• Drug dissolution: for some types of stones, such as struvite stones or uric acid stones, a special diet or medication can help dissolve the stones. This can take several weeks to months and requires regular check-ups.
• Surgical removal: In the case of large or numerous stones or urinary obstruction, surgery may be necessary to remove the stones. This is an invasive procedure that requires anesthesia and a recovery period.
• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): This method uses sound waves to break up the stones so that they can be excreted more easily. This is a non-invasive method, but it is not suitable for all types of stones and may require several sessions.

How to prevent urolithiasis in dogs?

To prevent urolithiasis in dogs, it is important to avoid or treat the causes. Some general tips are:

• Always offer your dog fresh water and encourage him to drink to dilute the urine.
• Feed your dog a balanced and high quality diet that is tailored to their needs. Avoid too much or too little minerals or other supplements that can promote stone formation.
• Let your dog urinate regularly and avoid long periods without access to the garden or toilet.
• Have your dog examined regularly by your vet and follow their recommendations regarding the prevention or treatment of urolithiasis or other conditions.
• Occasionally collect a urine sample from your dog and have it analyzed by your vet to detect signs of urolithiasis early.