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Neutropenia

Neutropenia is a condition in which the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood is too low. Neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections and protecting the body from bacteria, fungi and other pathogens. If the neutrophil count is too low, the immune system is weakened and the dog is more susceptible to disease.

Causes of neutropenia

There are several possible causes of neutropenia in dogs, which can be divided into two categories: congenital or acquired. Congenital neutropenia is a genetic disorder that is present from birth and usually occurs in certain breeds such as the German Shepherd or Belgian Shepherd. Acquired neutropenia can be triggered by various factors, such as

  • Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites
  • Drugs that inhibit bone marrow production of neutrophils, such as chemotherapy or antibiotics
  • Autoimmune diseases in which the body attacks its own neutrophils
  • Bone marrow diseases that affect the formation of blood cells, such as leukemia or myelodysplasia
  • Toxic substances that damage the bone marrow, such as lead or radiation

Symptoms of neutropenia

The symptoms of neutropenia depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. Some common signs are

  • Fever
  • lethargy
  • Loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • skin infections
  • inflammation of the gums
  • diarrhea
  • cough
  • Respiratory problems

Diagnosis of neutropenia

To diagnose neutropenia in dogs, a veterinarian must perform a blood test to determine the number of neutrophils and other blood cells. A normal neutrophil count is between 3000 and 12000 per microliter of blood. A neutrophil count below 1000 is considered severe neutropenia and requires immediate treatment. The veterinarian may also order further tests to determine the cause of the neutropenia, such as:

  • A bone marrow biopsy to assess the function of the bone marrow
  • A bacteriologic culture to identify an infection
  • An X-ray or ultrasound scan to examine other organs

Treatment of neutropenia

The treatment of neutropenia in dogs depends on the cause and severity of the condition. The main goal is to reduce the risk of infection and treat the underlying cause. Some possible treatment options are:

  • Antibiotics to fight bacterial infections
  • Antifungals or antiparasitics to treat fungal or parasitic infections
  • Immunosuppressants or steroids to control autoimmune diseases
  • Blood transfusions or growth factors to increase the number of neutrophils
  • Medication adjustments or discontinuation of medications that lower neutrophil counts
  • Surgery or radiotherapy to remove or shrink tumors

Prognosis and prevention of neutropenia

The prognosis for dogs with neutropenia depends on the cause and response to treatment. Some cases can be completely cured, while others require lifelong monitoring and treatment. To prevent neutropenia in dogs, it is important to check the dog's health regularly, keep up with vaccinations and parasite prevention, avoid contact with infected or sick animals and keep toxic substances away.

The authors assume that a veterinarian should be consulted if an animal is ill and that medication should only be taken after consultation with a doctor or pharmacist. Only an individual examination can lead to a diagnosis and treatment decision.

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