Immunodeficiency

What is immunodeficiency in dogs?

Immunodeficiency in dogs is a disease that weakens the immune system. The immune system is a network of cells, organs and molecules that defend the body from infections and other harmful influences. If the immune system is impaired, it can no longer do its job and the dog becomes more susceptible to disease.

There are two types of immunodeficiency in dogs: congenital and acquired. Congenital immunodeficiency is a genetic disorder that is present from birth. It is rare and usually affects certain breeds, such as the Basset Hound or the Shar-Pei. Acquired immunodeficiency is a consequence of other factors that impair the immune system in the course of life. These include, for example, infections, medication, stress or age.

What are the causes of immunodeficiency in dogs?

The causes of acquired immunodeficiency in dogs are varied and can differ from case to case. Some of the most common are

• Infections: Viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites can damage or suppress the immune system. A well-known example is the canine parvovirus, which leads to severe intestinal inflammation and is often fatal.
• Medication: Some medications can inhibit or destroy the immune system as a side effect. These include chemotherapy, cortisone or immunosuppressants.
• Stress: Chronic or acute stress can weaken the dog's defenses and make it more susceptible to illness. Stress can be triggered by various factors, such as moving house, separation, noise or pain.
• Age: With age, the function of the immune system decreases and the dog becomes less resistant to infections and other illnesses.
• Nutrition: A balanced and species-appropriate diet is important for the health of the dog and its immune system. A deficient or malnutrition can lead to a nutrient deficiency that impairs the immune system.

What are the symptoms of immunodeficiency in dogs?

Immunodeficiency in dogs can manifest itself through various symptoms, which can vary depending on the severity and cause. Some of the most common are

• Frequent or recurring infections: The dog suffers more often from colds, ear infections, skin problems or other infections that are more severe or last longer than normal.
• Fatigue and weakness: The dog has less energy and stamina, sleeps more or shows less interest in activities.
• Weight loss: The dog loses weight although it eats normally or even has more appetite.
• Hair loss and poor coat: The dog's coat becomes thinner, duller or more brittle. Bald patches or dandruff may occur.
• Bleeding or anaemia: The dog bleeds more easily or more frequently from the nose, mouth or other body orifices. It may also develop anaemia, which manifests itself in pale mucous membranes, rapid breathing or heartbeat.

How can immunodeficiency in dogs be treated?

The treatment of immunodeficiency in dogs depends on the cause and severity of the disease. In any case, it is important to consult a veterinarian who can make an accurate diagnosis and recommend the appropriate therapy. Some of the possible treatment methods are

• Infection control: the dog needs to be treated for the infections that are causing or exacerbating its immune deficiency. This may include antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics or other medications.
• Immunostimulation: The dog may be given medication or supplements to boost or support its immune system. These include, for example, interferons, immunoglobulins or vitamins.
• Immunomodulation: The dog can be given medication to regulate or normalize its immune system. These include, for example, cyclosporine, azathioprine or mycophenolate.
• Symptomatic treatment: The dog may be given medication or other measures to alleviate its symptoms or improve its quality of life. These include, for example, painkillers, anti-inflammatories or fluid therapy.

How can immunodeficiency in dogs be prevented?

Immunodeficiency in dogs cannot always be prevented, especially if it is congenital. However, there are some measures that can reduce the risk of immunodeficiency or mitigate its consequences. These include

• Vaccination: the dog should be regularly vaccinated against the most important infectious diseases to protect and train its immune system.
• Parasite control: The dog should be regularly treated for fleas, ticks, worms and other parasites to prevent infection and blood loss.
• Stress reduction: The dog should have a calm and relaxed environment in which he feels comfortable and safe. He should get enough sleep, exercise and activity to reduce his stress.
• Diet: The dog should be fed a balanced and species-appropriate diet that meets its nutritional needs and supports its immune system. He should not eat raw meat or bones to avoid infections.
• Check-ups: The dog should be examined regularly by a vet in order to recognize and treat possible signs of immune deficiency at an early stage.